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The Daily Nonpareil

'

May 24, 2015

aces

--

Sauganash's
impact on
Council Bluffs
still felt today
JOHN SCHREIFR
JSC!IRflfR• NO!'\! \REll 0NllNI l 1M

The county bears his adopted people's
name, but his is nowhere to be found among
the landmarks.
Billy Cnldwell - also known as Sauganash
- was the respected, Canadian-born Indian
leader who led n band of Potawatomi to what
is now called Council Bluffs after a series of
broken promises by British and Americnn
leaders that spanned several hundred miles.
Though his fame lies mainly in his work
in the Chicago area, he established an early
settlement in the region and died here.
CALDWELL/St.~

page 10F

About 50 people attend the dedication
of a monument marking the life of Billy
Caldwell - Chief Saugana!-ih - who died
of cholera in Council Bluffs in 1841.
Caldwell, who played an important role
in early Chicago history and negc-.tiated the 18.~3 treaty of Chicago, led the
Potawatomi to the area that becanw
Council Bluft's in 1837.
Staff photO(Jon Leu

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�FACES OF LEGACIES

10F Sunday, May 24, 201 5

The Daily Nonpareil

Sauganash' s impact on Council Bluffs still felt today
CALDWELUFrom Page IF

•

Yet little exists in western
Iowa to mark his role in creating one of the forerunners to
Council Bluffs. Though Indian
Creek may be named for one of
the Potawatomi settlements,
there was no Caldwell Street
or marker of any kind for the
group's first leader - until the
May 11 dedication of a memorial at St. Joseph Cemetery.
Funded by a Kickstarter
online campaign and spearheaded by historians Mary
Lou McGinn of Council Bluffs
and Susan Kelsey of Lake Forest, ill., the monument was
the overdue replacement for
a long-forgotten wooden sign
that just read "Indians."
The son of an Irish soldier
and Mohawk moth er, he first
rose to prominence as a top
aide to famed chief Tecumseh . After moving to Chicago,
the multilingual Caldwell who preferred the title Capt.
Caldwell for his work as an
officer in the British Indian
Department - was among the
leaders chosen to negotiate
with the U.S. government for
land cessions and relocation to
the West for several tribes.
For his work, he received
land in Chicago - a neighborhood, park, trail and golf
course built upon it are among
the landmarks bearing his
name today, and Chicago's
first hotel was named the
Sauganash Inn - that he sold
off as his band of Potawatomi
opted to move to Iowa Territory rath er than northwestern
Missouri.
"He could've stayed there
and led a pretty cushy life
because he was well known,"
McGinn said . ''But he came
out here with them ."
Soon thereafter , they were
once again relocated to what
was caUed Trader's Point, the
predecessor to Council Bluffs,
located south of the MidAmerican Energy plant.
It was here that Sauganash
- the exact meaning of the
name is unknown, but it is
akin t.o "Englishman" or "English speaker" - and his collection of About 2,500 Potawa-

education system in Council
Bluffs - the forerunner to St.
Albert, said the sch ool's president, Joe Connolly.
The Potawatomi were later
joined by the Mormon migration, which h elped to build
Kanesville. Though the city is
still standing, the Indians who
settled it moved again just
a few years after Caldwell's
death from ch olera in 1841,
opting to h ead south to join the
rest of their tribe in Kansas in
1846.
DeSmet was tr ansfe1Ted
farther west after just a couple
year s in Iowa, and the bluff
and mission were later flattened to make way for the
roads th at now climb a much
less imposing hill.
In 1857, the remains at

the mission's cemetery were
removed to the "old Catholic
cemetery" - today, St. Joseph
- where an old wooden sign
post marked wh at was likely a
mass grave, McGinn said.
Caldwell's exact burial
location is unlikely to ever be
known, but McGinn said the
monument, however small in
nature, is a fitting tribute to
a man who helped lead the
Potawatomi during a difficult
transition.
Some historian s believe
Caldwell exploited the Potawatomi - a claim McGinn refutes,
instead arguing that his leadership kept the tribe intact.
"He knew they were going
to move, the tr eaties were
going to move them," she said.
''He did the best he could."

Submitted photo

This painting by Hal Sherman shows British Mnjor General Sir Isaac Br ock, an
~amed guard! Tecumseh, Billy Caldwell nnd Billy'R fath er, William Caldwell, signmg a treaty dunng the War of 1812. A qu nr1 &lt;·r-&lt;~rntury later, Billy Caldwell would lead
a band of Potawatomi that ultimntdy gnv~ Pottm~utt amie County its name to what is
today Council Bluffs.
The missionaries had nothing
but good things to say a bout
Caldwell; all references to him
in the J esuits' histories wert&gt;
"very laudotory," according to
the Rev. David Smith, pastor
to three Catholic churches in
Shelby County.
The document from the
Archdiocese of S t. Louis
esta blishing the work with
the "indigenous Pot-0wn tmnie
lsicl missions" essPntinlly &lt;.:re·
ated the Catholic Church a nd

O

Cou11c11 Bluffs, IA
www.pt1ilscomtortzone.corn

_..A

+~

June 5 - Maleficent
June 12 - Boxtrolls
June 19 - Juman)I
June 26 - Night at the
Museum 3
July 1O - Into the Woods
July 17 - Sleeplng Beauty
July 24 - The Sandlot
July 31 - Teenage Mutant
Ninja Turtles
(2014) (PG-13)

6

May 27 - tiaws
May 29 - Big Her
June 13 - Divergent (PG-13)
July 11 - Pitch Perteet (P.G-1 3)
August 8 - Hunger Games:
Mocklngjay Part 1
(PG-13)
Sept. 12 - Guardians or the
Galaxy (PG-13)

October 1O - Rocky Horror
Picture Show (R)

*Some shows are Intended for an older audience.

WW:~~b;~;k~~~;ec.org
Become a fan of CB Parks &amp; Rec on Facebook!

�along the Missouri River to
become the area's first permanent settlers.
The tribe didn't designate
chiefs; instead, the Potawatomi elected leaders, and
Caldwell was chosen to represent the people. He served
as their business agent, even
dipping into his own pocket at
times to pay for needed provisions and supplies. Wisely, he
mandated federal payments
be made to the tribe in gold
instead of currency that would
devalue, which bankrupted
many Indian groups that
headed west.
For instance, in one of
many broken federal promises,
the U.S. government offered
to build the Potawatomi a
mill in Council Bluffs. However, McGinn said, Caldwell
arranged for a mill to be built
on Mosquito Creek - located

near what is today the Kmart
on Kanesville Boulevard - and
made all but the final payment
out of his own pocket.
He helped Jesuit missionaires, including the Rev.
Pierre-Jean DeSmet, found
the St. Joseph Indian Mission,
located along what is today
East Pierce Street, in 1838.
The priests converted into
a church an abandoned blockhouse, or fort, that stood atop
a now-demolished bluff overlooking what is today West
Broadway from between
roughly Grace and Union
streets. Caldwell donated a
building that became Council
Bluffs' first school to the mission. A few cabins surrounded
what DeSmet called the "fine
little chapel" that served as
the mission's centerpiece.
A Catholic himself, Caldwell
served as the godfather for
the baptized Potawatomi.

-•

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Earth-moving Ceases . . .</text>
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                <text>Invading the Missouri River . . . near Pierre, S.D., is Oahe Dam, now 5 percent complete. Pyramid of earth in upper center is completed 1,500-foot section of dam. Sheet pile cut-off wall shown being driven in trench to right of square embankment section.</text>
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Earth-moving Ceases . . .</text>
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                <text>First Harnessing of Missouri River . . . in South Dakota was completed this year at Fort Randall Dam. All Missouri River water is now flowing through tubes in main embankment at left. Closure section built this year is at center. - Army Photo</text>
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                <text>(Newspaper photos) Flooding on Broadway near Main and Tenth and Eleventh streets August 26, 1903&#13;
Men Work Day and Night in Race To Throw Up Levee May 26, ?1927?&#13;
Current Cutting  Bank Crowds Crew Off Planned Route; Eating Sacrificial 10 Acres At Rate of 25 Feet Each Day; Levee Only Temporary; Idea Now Is To Throw Up Something To Protect Farms During June Rise - After That, Curb The River May 26, ?1927?&#13;
River Mocking Revetment Bulwark; Where Sandbags Protected Levee's End; Where River Did Its First Cutting; Missouri Taking Another Mouthful; Scene Of Race Between Men and River May 26, ?1927?&#13;
Where Missouri River ??? Bottoms and Threatens To Cut New Channel North of City May 15, 1927&#13;
Act To Prevent Rumored Plans of I.C. Officials; Crescent Men Spring To Arms After Fighting Off Flood; 50 Sentinels on Guard; Danger of Further Damage Here Passes as Stage of River Drops One Foot Between Sunday Night and Monday May 16, 1927&#13;
Where Guns Prevent Rumored Dike Cut (diagram) May 16, 1927&#13;
Diagram of Missouri River Levee breech causing flood May 17, 1927&#13;
PWA Project Seeks to Solve Indian Creek Problem, Long Source of Expense to City May 1927&#13;
Dike Controversy Settled Without Bloodshed May 17, 1927&#13;
Green Wires For U.S. River Help; Congressman Asks That Engineer Make Survey South of City; Water Cuts Food A Day June 5, 1927&#13;
Fort Peck Dam To Prevent Floods Such as Those Which Swept Valley in 1881 December 17, 1933&#13;
High Water In 1881 Made Lake Manawa; Two Floods That Year Spread Devastation In City; Whole Families Fled December 17, 1933&#13;
Crews Clear Traffic Way Through Sea of Mud Left On Streets By Creek June 27, 1935&#13;
Kids Help Flood-Stalled Car Out of Street Lake June 26, 1935&#13;
Mud Left By Flood Mires Many Automobiles June 26, 1935&#13;
Total Rainfall Here Wednesday Is 4.19 Inches; Indian Creek Pours Water And Silt Over Large Area; Families Are Routed; City Crews of 100 Men With Scrapers and Fire Hoses Clear Deposits of Mud Off Streets June 26, 1935&#13;
City Warned To Prepare For Floods; Expect Highest Water Since 1881 in river; Protection Planned April 6, 1943&#13;
New Estimate of Height in Flood Crest; Expect 23-foot Level Before Crest Passes The City 1943&#13;
Boulevard Detour Is Needed April 9, 1943&#13;
Red Cross Ready For Emergency; Only Shoes Lacking If Need Arises April 9, 1943&#13;
It's "Big" Lake Once More 1943&#13;
Start Move To Make CB Flood-free; Army, Congressional Officials To Attend Wednesday Meeting August 3, 1952&#13;
Gillette Pledges Aid For Flood-free City August 1952&#13;
Army Ready To Fight Any Flood Threat August 24, 1952&#13;
Creeks Are Biggest Flood Threat In Council Bluffs July 21, 1977&#13;
Council Bluffs, Corps, MVA Have A Stake In Waterfront December 15, 1968&#13;
Rain Brings Threat of Flooding May 10, 1995&#13;
More Rain May Flood Hamburg May 11, 1995&#13;
Basements Flooded From Sewer Backup - Heavy downpour blamed for problems in southwestern Bluffs July 25, 1995&#13;
&#13;
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Flood Threats Ease In S.W. Iowa; Warmer Weather To Help The Bluffs; While Other Parts Of State Have Problems . . . March 30, 1960&#13;
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Touch-And-Go Situation As Flood Nears Missouri; Evacuations South of Bellevue March 31, 1960&#13;
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Gifford Road Homes Suffer Flood Damage June 18, 1984&#13;
Wet, Weary . . . and Waiting June 19, 1984&#13;
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4 Counties Eyed As Disaster Areas -  $1 billion in flooding damages projected June 21, 1984&#13;
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River To Hit Flood Stage Sunday? June 22, 1984&#13;
River To Crest Monday June 24, 1984&#13;
Goosehaven Residents Flee June 25, 1984&#13;
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Missouri Should Begin To Ease Back To Normal June 26, 1984&#13;
Floating Roost June 26, 1984&#13;
'How Do You Spell Relief?' Ask Flooding Victims June 26, 1984&#13;
SWI To Hit Sunny Side of Street? June 27, 1984&#13;
Relief Loans Approved For Harrison County June 29, 1984&#13;
Branstad Requests More Disaster Loans July 11, 1984&#13;
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                <text>Four-inch Rain, Tornado Watch Hit Bluffs Area May 26, 1987&#13;
Flooding Forces Area Evacuation May 26, 1987&#13;
Homes Isolated, Roads Buried By Floodwaters May 27, 1987&#13;
Road Repairs Will Begin When Floodwater Recedes May 28, 1987&#13;
Cleanup Begins, Flood Damage Assessed - Farmers Hardest Hit May 28, 1987&#13;
Harkin Reps Tour Area May 28, 1987&#13;
Dike Breaks, Flooding in Hamburg May 29, 1987&#13;
Stalled System Blamed For Soggy Weather May 29, 1987&#13;
Counties Ask Feds For Flood Relief June 2, 1987&#13;
Flooded Wells Risk Bacteria June 3, 1987&#13;
Council Will Review Sewer, Flood Claims June 7, 1987&#13;
Irwin Promises City Study Of Flood Woes June 9, 1987&#13;
Flood Aid Designation Is Denied June 12, 1987&#13;
No Flood Disaster Declaration Draws Southwest Iowa Protest June 12, 1987&#13;
Officials Reconsider Denial Of Southwest Iowa Flood Aid June 26, 1987&#13;
Branstad Blasts Flood-Aid Denial June 28, 1987&#13;
Harkin Still Hopes To Get Flood Aid For SWI June 29, 1987&#13;
Meeting Set To Reconsider Southwest-Iowa Flood Aid July 3, 1987&#13;
Feds Tour Flood-damaged Area July 8, 1987&#13;
Federal Officials Boost Estimate Of Flooding Damage Done In May July 10, 1987&#13;
Flood Aid For SWI Approved July 17, 1987&#13;
Floods Receding In Southwest Iowa August 26, 1987&#13;
City Relief Fund Set Up To Aid Storm Victims September 29, 1987</text>
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                <text>Farmers In Southwest Iowa Better Off Than Neighbors May 7, 1993&#13;
Soggy Spring Takes Toll - Gloomy forecasts may yield smaller corn harvests May 16, 1995&#13;
Weather Delaying Produce June 12, 1993&#13;
Rain, Rain And More Rain - No relief in sight for rain-soaked Midwestern states July 1993&#13;
Fishing On Ballfield July 1993&#13;
High Water Makes For Easy Fishing At Riverside Park July 1993&#13;
Flood Victims Turn To Cleanup Projects July 1993&#13;
Davenport Braces For Record Flood July 1, 1993&#13;
Clinton To Visit Flood-ravaged Iowa July 2, 1993&#13;
Iowa Cities Win I-80 Fight July 2, 1993&#13;
Flooding On Mississippi Nears Record - Branstad activates 200 additional Guard troops for Davenport July 2, 1993&#13;
Iowans Pray For Dry Spell July 7, 1993&#13;
Rising Waters Close Long's Landing July 7, 1993&#13;
Teams Assess Flood Damage July 9, 1993&#13;
Storms Hammer Region - Southwest Iowans Forced To Evacuate July 9, 1993&#13;
Rain Leads To Flooding July 9, 1993&#13;
Damage From Storm Widespread In County July 9, 1993&#13;
Flood Hits Avoca; Oakland Braces - Sandbagging effort epitome of small town July 10, 1993&#13;
Nishnabotna, Boyer Rivers Flood Area Towns July 10, 1993&#13;
Evacuees Fear Losing Everything July 10, 1993&#13;
Stranded Motorist Rescued July 10, 1993&#13;
Davenport's Spirits Ride High July 10, 1993&#13;
High Water Halts Amtrak July 10, 1993&#13;
Branstad Asks Federal Aid For 11 Counties July 10, 1993 &#13;
Family Feeling More Comfortable July 10, 1993&#13;
Flood Eases In Mo. Valley July 10, 1993&#13;
Missouri Nears Flood Stage July 10, 1993&#13;
200-Mile Strip Of Missouri Under Water July 11, 1993&#13;
Clinton Declares Disaster Area, Des Moines Braces For Flood July 11, 1993&#13;
Denison Inundated With Water July 11, 1993&#13;
Mississippi's Crest Hits Burlington Record July 11, 1993&#13;
Midwest Farm Fields Becoming Fishing Ponds July 11, 1993&#13;
River Runs Through SW Iowa July 11, 1993&#13;
Gifford Road Homes Inundated July 11, 1993&#13;
Floods Cripple Des Moines - Many are without water, electricity July 12, 1993&#13;
Floods May Cost Farmers $1 Billion July 12, 1993&#13;
Water Recedes In Southwest Iowa July 12, 1993&#13;
Emergency Shelter Now At Iowa Western July 12, 1993&#13;
Bluffs' Water Supply Never Really Threatened July 12, 1993&#13;
Flood Brings Water Games Along With Tragedy July 12, 1993&#13;
Search Resumes In River July 12, 1993&#13;
County Supervisors Plan Meeting To Consider Disaster Declaration July 12, 1993&#13;
Branstad Promises State Disaster Aid July 12, 1993&#13;
Iowa Ministers Pray For End To Rain, Flood July 12, 1993&#13;
Flooding Threatens Historic Landmarks July 12, 1993&#13;
Phone Number Set Up For Disaster Aid Requests July 12, 1993&#13;
Shelter Houses Flood Victims July 13, 1993&#13;
Sign Of The Times July 13, 1993&#13;
Bellows Clan Will Rebuild After Flood July 13, 1993&#13;
Bodies Not Found In Crash Wreckage July 13, 1993&#13;
Flash Flood Warnings Issued July 13, 1993&#13;
Basements At Risk Of Water Seepage July 13, 1993&#13;
Branstad Declares Disaster - Expects quick action to help flood victims July 13, 1993&#13;
Flood Takes Toll On Bluffs Victims July 14, 1993&#13;
Rural Residents Braced For Flood That Never Came July 14, 1993&#13;
Officials Keep An Eye On Missouri River Level July 14, 1993&#13;
President Plans Iowa Flood Tour July 14, 1993&#13;
Goose Haven Electric Service Remains Off July 15, 1993&#13;
Bluffs Leaders Tour Flood Areas July 15, 1993&#13;
Officials: Flood Aid Not Enough July 15, 1993&#13;
Authorities Search For Missing Man July 16, 1993&#13;
Flood Levels July 16, 1993&#13;
Levee Breaks North Of St. Louis July 16, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Struggles Back To Life July 16, 1993&#13;
Flood Zone - Evacuees Seek Shelter At Campground July 16, 1993&#13;
Displaced Residents May Not Be Allowed Back Home July 16, 1993&#13;
Rain Swells Iowa Waterways July 18, 1993&#13;
Clinton Offers Troops To Help Flood Areas July 18, 1993&#13;
Heavy Rains Renew Flood Troubles Across Midwest July 18, 1993&#13;
Hamburg Fights Rising Waters July 18, 1993&#13;
Harkin Vows Serious Look At Flood Response July 18, 1993&#13;
High Water In Twin City July 18, 1993&#13;
Even Flood Can't Delay Wedding July 18, 1993&#13;
Researcher: Ditch Rural River Levees July 18, 1993&#13;
Flood Waters Threaten Nebraska City Homes Again July 18, 1993&#13;
Floodwaters Return In Ames July 18, 1993&#13;
Nebraskans Send Water And Power July 18, 1993&#13;
Missouri Floods Made Mark In History - Flood of 1881 ranks among worst in Bluffs July 18, 1993&#13;
Governors Pleading For Grants, Not Loans July 18, 1993&#13;
Flood Wall Questions Abound In Davenport July 19, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Advertisers Pitch 'Obvious' Message July 19, 1993&#13;
Flood-ravaged Bridge May Be Open Soon At Keokuk July 19, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Water System Back On Line July 19, 1993&#13;
Mississippi River Crests Near St. Louis - Levee gives way south of St. Louis July 19, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Loss May Top $700 Million July 1993&#13;
Branstad: Iowa Open For Business July 1993&#13;
Des Moines Water Works Manager Thrust Into Spotlight July 1993&#13;
Area Flood Victims Take Advantage Of Help July 19, 1993&#13;
Worst May Be Over July 20, 1993&#13;
Flood Victims Tired Of Waiting Game July 20, 1993&#13;
50 Firms Shut Off For Early Water Use July 20, 1993&#13;
Keokuk Highway Bridge Opened July 20, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Hospitals Recovering From Flood - Care homes take steps to protect residents July 20,  1993&#13;
Color Coded Placards To Greet Flood Victims July 21, 1993&#13;
Flood Loss Hits $303M Across Iowa July 21, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Left Without Tap Water, St. Louis Inundated July 21, 1993&#13;
Iowa Forecast Remains Soggy July 22, 1993&#13;
Deluge Floods Streets, Houses - Neighbors fight water together July 22, 1993&#13;
Torrential Rain Ties Up Traffic July 22, 1993&#13;
Water Back At Capital July 22, 1993&#13;
Running Water Restored, But It's Not For Drinking July 23, 1993&#13;
Celebrities Now Flood Midwest July 23, 1993&#13;
Congress Delays Vote On Flood Aid July 23, 1993&#13;
Wallner Ponders What To Do With Sand July 23, 1993&#13;
100-Year Rain Swamps Bluffs Sewer Lines July 23, 1993&#13;
Levees 'In Good Shape' And Holding - Hamburg Drenched Yet Again July 23, 1993&#13;
Residents 'Must Be Prepared To Move' July 23, 1993&#13;
Fast Moving River Threatens Bridges - Force of Mississippi erodes streambeds from around bridge piers July 24, 1993&#13;
Heavy Rains Brings Floods To Nebraska July 24, 1993&#13;
Des Moines Bracing For More Flooding July 24, 1993&#13;
Branstad Visits Bluffs Today July 24, 1993&#13;
Rain Increases Flood Threat July 24, 1993&#13;
Area Crops Drowning July 25, 1993&#13;
For Many Farmers, '93 Is A Washout July 25, 1993&#13;
Fighting The Flood July 25, 1993&#13;
Bankers See Cloudy Future For This Season's Harvest July 25, 1993&#13;
Hamburg Water Plant Threatened July 25, 1993&#13;
Farm Hotline Deluged With Calls July 25, 1993&#13;
Branstad Chats With Flood Victims July 25, 1993&#13;
Burlington Tallies Up Damages From Flood July 25, 1993&#13;
Scams Rise After Flood Waters Fall July 25, 1993&#13;
Downpour Creates Havoc July 25, 1993&#13;
Detour Towns Flooded With Business July 28, 1993&#13;
FEMA May Cover Wet Basements July 29, 1993&#13;
Guard Keeps Watch Over Goose Haven July 29, 1993&#13;
Damage Estimates Climbing July 30, 1993&#13;
AG: Branstad May Cut Track Season July 30, 1993&#13;
Flood May Cost Budget $100M July 31, 1993&#13;
Inspectors Begin Rounds - Gifford Road homes checked July 31, 1993&#13;
Shenandoah Residents Told To Boil Their Water July 31, 1993&#13;
Red Cross To Reopen Flood Center; 60 Seek FEMA Help July 31, 1993&#13;
Flood Victims Get Swift Action - Neighbors, officials respond to call for help August 1993&#13;
Flood Victims Get Shot In The Arm August 1993&#13;
County OKs Flood Plan August 1993&#13;
Hidden Hazards August 2, 1993&#13;
Bluffs Residents Still Cleaning Up August 3, 1993&#13;
Hanafan: Bluffs Damage Not Bad August 3, 1993&#13;
Hazardous Materials Collection Set August 4, 1993&#13;
Some Levees Shored Up, Some Blown Up In Illinois August 4, 1993&#13;
Flooding Takes Toll On Homes - Task force sets damage at $71M August 4, 1993&#13;
Flooding Takes Toll On County - Road, park damage nears $1 million August 8, 1993&#13;
Mo. Valley, Woodbine Hit Hard August 8, 1993&#13;
Mills Still Tallying Flood Bill August 8, 1993&#13;
Levee Repairs Needed Before Winter Freeze August 9, 1993&#13;
Midwest Totals Flood Damage August 12, 1993&#13;
Goose Haven Has 12 Homes 'Red Tagged' August 13, 1993&#13;
Nishnabotna Flood Control Went Down Drain - 1960s study died for lack of funds August 15, 1993&#13;
Flood Plan August 15, 1993&#13;
Lewis Central on FEMA List August 24, 1993&#13;
Bluffs Receives $341,000 For Flood August 27, 1993&#13;
Five-inch Soaker Swells Area Streams August 30, 1993&#13;
Flood Aid Request To Council September 4, 1993&#13;
State May Face Worse Flooding In '94 October 15, 1993</text>
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Council To Study Fluoridation Plan - May To Try For Meeting This Week May 17, 1953&#13;
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Wipes Record Clean On Fluoridation Plan March 23, 1954&#13;
Need Clear Stand On Fluoridation - Plan Has Not Been Asked - Dr. Henshaw April 14, 1954&#13;
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Officials To Study Fluoridation Issue October 1, 1957&#13;
Dr. Sanders Asks Parents Join Fluoridation Battle - Addresses Tee Jay PTA . . . October 16, 1957&#13;
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Jaycees To Head Move For Water Fluoridation - Will Enlist Aid Of Other Groups January 29, 1958&#13;
Jaycees Ready Drive To Sell Water Fluoridation - Council To Be First Target As February 2, 1958&#13;
Ball Is Rolling On Fluoridation - Jaycees Distribute Material To Council February 4, 1958&#13;
Fluoridation Campaign Moves Into Final Stage - Jaycees Await Dr. Klok's Report April 18, 1958&#13;
Fluoridation Of Water Is Urged By City Physician - Council to Consider Issue Immediately November 16, 1959&#13;
Water Fluoridation Here May Bump Into Strong Opposition - Council Gets Under Way, But . . . November 17, 1959&#13;
Eye Court Test on Fluoridation - Opponents Start Drive For $3,000 December 5, 1959&#13;
C.B. May Become Guinea Pig In Statewide Legal Argument - City Expected To Pass Fluoridation Ordinance Monday Night December 6, 1959&#13;
City Expected To Ignore Threat Of Legal Suit, OK Fluoridation - 3 Councilmen Favor Measure December 7, 1959&#13;
City Council Passes 3 Controversial Issues During A Wild, 3-Hour Battle - Audience Puts On Good Performance December 8, 1959&#13;
Fluoridation Fight Is Taken To District Court - Injunction Sought . . . December 15, 1959&#13;
Fluoridation Not Harmful - City Replies To Injunction Suit January 8, 1960&#13;
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Water Board Plans For Fluoridation February 9, 1960&#13;
Hearing Starts On Fluoridation - Does Plan Violate the 'Poisons' Law March 23, 1960&#13;
Bluffs' Fluoridation Ordinance Is Invalid - District Judge Martin Rules September 21, 1960&#13;
Appeal Notice Filed By Bluffs - Fluoridation Issue To Top Iowa Court October 18, 1960&#13;
Supreme Court Rules Bluffs Has The Right To Fluoridate Water - By Unanimous Decision In Test Case September 19, 1961&#13;
Opponents Will Ask Rehearing Of Water Fluoridation Appeal - Before Iowa Supreme Court September 29, 1961&#13;
Anti-Fluoridation Group Asks Supreme Court For Rehearing - Would Orally Argue Water Treatment Suit October 25, 1961&#13;
3 Council Candidates Eye Poll On Fluoridation Issue - Would Let Public Decide October 30, 1961&#13;
Mayor Lash, Wilson Take Dim View Of Fluoridation Poll Plan - Proposed By 3 Council Candidates October 31, 1961&#13;
Fluoridation Move Resisted By Bluffs November 1, 1961&#13;
Supreme Court Denies Fluoridation Rehearing - Only One More Recourse November 14, 1961&#13;
City Expects 'Go Ahead' Soon On Water Fluoridation - From The Iowa Supreme Court . . . January 7, 1962&#13;
Legal Clearance On Fluoridation - City Gets Notice From High Court February 7, 1962&#13;
Dentists Eye Possible Fluoridation Survey Here - What Effect On Teeth? March 14, 1965</text>
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Fonda Taken Off Plane With Fever - En Route to U.S. From Vacation June 10, 1939&#13;
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Henry Fonda, born May 16, 1905, in Omaha . . . May 1956&#13;
Henry Fonda Is Dead At 77 August 12, 1982&#13;
Actor Fonda Recalled As Movie Hero He Portrayed August 13, 1982&#13;
Nebraska Mourns Native Son's Loss August 13, 1982&#13;
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New Sheriff Is Sworn In August 15, 1975&#13;
Lynn Ford To Succeed Roy Wichael July 29, 1975&#13;
New Sheriff Takes It Slow July 30, 1975&#13;
Past Position Out For Losing Sheriff November 16, 1975&#13;
Let's Chat . . . with Lynn G. Ford January 14, 1976&#13;
Lynn Ford October 25, 1976&#13;
Ford Not WWII Vet October 27, 1976&#13;
Sheriff Ford Is Sworn In November 8, 1976&#13;
Sheriff Ford Elected Head Of Commission December 5, 1976&#13;
Sheriff Ford Attends School April 29, 1977&#13;
Sheriff May Get 1st County Plane May 31, 1977&#13;
Sheriff Gains Eye In The Sky June 7, 1977&#13;
Winging It June 14, 1977&#13;
Sheriff's Plane Back In The Air February 27, 1978&#13;
Sertoma Club to Honor Outstanding Individuals February 17, 1980&#13;
Ford Opposes Strip Search Bill March 16, 1980&#13;
Sheriff Is Named In Labor Complaint May 8, 1981&#13;
No Room At The Jail Says Ford January 21, 1982&#13;
Sheriff 'Skeptical' Of Drinking Age Push July 27, 1982&#13;
Ford Says Media Hurt Investigation November 28, 1982&#13;
Supervisors Ponder Replacement Of Lynn Ford - In Search of a Sheriff August 14, 1983&#13;
Sheriff Ford Did A Good Job For County August 15, 1983&#13;
Young Professionals Find City A Good Place To Grow July 14, 1985&#13;
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Ft. Calhoun 'Incident' Procedures Discussed November 11, 1983&#13;
OPPD Checks Out Fort Calhoun Spill July 6, 1992&#13;
Fort Calhoun Ranks Third On Repairs List September 13, 1992&#13;
Aging Process Raises Concerns About Safety September 13, 1992&#13;
Power District Extols Clean Method - Producing electricity 'becomes a balance of what you want' September 13, 1992&#13;
Critics See Doomsday For Nuclear Power September 13, 1992&#13;
Barriers Defined September 13, 1992&#13;
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New 4-H Officers: May 23, 1961&#13;
County 4-H'ers, clubs Honored - Boys Elect Officers; Other Awards Made November 23, 1961&#13;
'Button' And Steve Had Hard Time On First Talk - Top Intermediate 4-H'ers In East Pott. November 28, 1961&#13;
East Pott. Boys: April 29, 1962&#13;
Girl's 4-H Officers: April 29, 1962&#13;
Mills 4-H Members Jam 4 Events Into Jamboree - Kenny Seipold, Rosalie Wright Elected . . . May 14, 1962&#13;
West Pott. Rally Day For 4-H'ers May 28, 1962&#13;
Woodbiners Top Harrison 4-H'ers - county Holds First Joint Rally Day June 3, 1962&#13;
Shelby Judging Workouts Slated June 3, 1962&#13;
Montgomery Girls: June 4, 1962&#13;
Fremont 4-H Officers: June 6, 1962&#13;
County Officers: November 23, 1962&#13;
East Pott. Presents 4-H Awards To Boys And Girls - More Than 300 Attend At Carson December 3, 1962&#13;
Page 4-H Officers December 30, 1962&#13;
Montgomery Girls: December 31, 1962&#13;
New Uniform January 25, 1963&#13;
Mills 4-H Officers: April 3, 1963&#13;
Harrison County Elects 4-H Officers May 29, 1963&#13;
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Elected By Girls . . . June 6, 1963&#13;
Heading Shelby Boys' . . . June 6, 1963&#13;
Fremont 4-H Officers: June 9, 1963&#13;
East Pottawattamie Names Demonstration Team Winners July 24, 1963&#13;
They're The Cabinet: November 10, 1963&#13;
SW Iowa 4-H'ers To National 4-H Club Congress In Chicago - Picked For Superior Work November 24, 1963&#13;
Montgomery 4-H'ers Elect February 11, 1964&#13;
County Officers: May 17, 1964&#13;
Harrison Co. 4-H'ers Pick 1964 Officers June 3, 1964&#13;
4-H Girls Pick Judy Whitehill June 7, 1964&#13;
Mills Boasts Only Teen 4-H Club In SW Iowa June 19, 1964&#13;
Cooney Elected 4-H President January 12, 1965&#13;
Mills 4-H Names Godfrey, Hurst March 30, 1965&#13;
4-H Officers: May 12, 1965&#13;
Shelby Officers: June 6, 1965&#13;
County 4-H'ers Elect Cabinet For '66 - Honorary Members Recognized June 27, 1965&#13;
New 4-H Cabinet June 27, 1965&#13;
County Officers: January 4, 1966&#13;
4-H Officers June 12, 1966&#13;
Girls 4-H Club Elects Officers May 8, 1966&#13;
Montgomery County 4-H Officers January 5, 1967&#13;
Page County Girls 4-H Leaders April 18, 1967&#13;
Page 4-H Members To Hall Of Fame August 7, 1968&#13;
4-H'ers Interview For Top Awards February 3, 1969&#13;
4-H County Cabinet June 19, 1969&#13;
4-H'ers Plan Week's Trip July 2, 1969&#13;
West Pottawattamie 4-H Names Cabinet June 17, 1970&#13;
4-H Honors Its Friends - At Recognition Banquet October 5, 1977&#13;
West Pottawattamie 4-H Youth Cited December 30, 1977&#13;
4-H Continues Shaping Lives Of Fathers, Sons April 30, 1978&#13;
4-H Honors To Families October 5, 1978 &#13;
Correction October 8, 1978&#13;
Top 4-H'ers Announced - Across Southwest Iowa November 27, 1978&#13;
4-H Grooms City, Country Kids April 22, 1979&#13;
County Fair Is A Family Affair - Parents Help 4-H'ers July 29, 1979&#13;
4-H Leaders, Friends Are Honored During Banquet October 9, 1979&#13;
'Chris Clover' To Spread Word About 4-H Activities October 5, 1980&#13;
4-H Honors Its Leaders October 7, 1980&#13;
City Kids In 4-H, Too July 25, 1981&#13;
4-H Still Has Appeal - National 4-H Week October 4, 1981&#13;
Five SW Iowans To 4-H Congress December 3, 1988&#13;
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Future Looks Bright For Deaf Artist Who Was Badly Injured Two Years Ago - With 'Ambition, Unlimited' September 18, 1960&#13;
Career In Art Is Step Closer July 15, 1962</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76317">
                <text>Frito-Lay, Inc.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76318">
                <text>Local news</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76319">
                <text>Frito-Lay, Inc.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="76320">
                <text>Frito Firm Buys Building In Bluffs June 13, 1956&#13;
Frito Firm Will Move To Bluffs About September 1 - Has 100 Employees June 17, 1956&#13;
Frito Firm Buys $120,000 Building January 10, 1959&#13;
Frito Eyes Two-Stage Expansion Program Here - Contingent On Closing Roadway November 11, 1959&#13;
Companies Merge August 16, 1961&#13;
Frito Midwest Merges With Company At Dallas - To Expand Plant In Bluffs August 16, 1961&#13;
$500,000 Expansion Is Planned By Frito-Lay Inc. - Payroll May Be Increased June 4, 1962&#13;
Texan named By Frito-Lay June 13, 1963&#13;
Frito-Pepsi Plan Merger February 28, 1965&#13;
Pepsi And Frito Merge Thursday June 9, 1965&#13;
Frito-Lay Announces Promotions September 27, 1968&#13;
Announce Four Frito Promotions December 23, 1968&#13;
Frito Plant Expects February Completion - Talking Business December 29, 1968&#13;
Frito-Lay Plant Doubles Size To Make New Product April 26, 1970&#13;
Manager Denies Relocation Rumor February 2, 1972&#13;
Injunction Restricts Frito-Lay Strikers August 21, 1973&#13;
Frito-Lay Strike Over September 7, 1973&#13;
C.B. Plant Fire Will Idle Workers November 25, 1975&#13;
Defective Stack Is Fire Cause November 26, 1975&#13;
New Products Boost Workload For The Bluffs Frito-Lay Plant June 8, 1986&#13;
New Frito-Lay Plant May Go To Eastern Iowa June 8, 1986&#13;
Equipment Fire Shuts Down Frito Lay Plant October 8, 1990&#13;
Layoff Follows Work-Week Cut At Frito-Lay April 30, 1993</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76323">
                <text>Nonpareil reporting</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76324">
                <text>Daily Nonpareil</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76325">
                <text>Council Bluffs Daily Nonpareil Archives</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76326">
                <text>1956-1993</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76327">
                <text>Document</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76328">
                <text>Newspaper articles</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76329">
                <text>Frito-Lay, Inc.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76330">
                <text>Council Bluffs, Iowa</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="76331">
                <text>The Council Bluffs Public Library is unaware of any claim of copyright in the images in the collection. We encourage use of these materials under the fair use clause of the Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq). The Council Bluffs Public Library has provided in the catalog records for these materials all known information regarding the photographer or other persons associated with the materials. This information is provided as a service to aid users in determining the appropriate use of an item, but that determination ultimately rests with the user.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="3068">
        <name>Frito Lay Inc.</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3069">
        <name>Frito Midwest Co.</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3070">
        <name>Quaker Baking Co.</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
